Oliver Twist (1838) is Charles Dickens'' second novel. The book was originally published in Bentley''s Miscellany as a
serial,
in monthly installments that began appearing in the month of February 1837 and continued through April 1839. George Cruikshank provided one steel etching per month to illustrate each installment.<1>
Oliver Twist is the first novel in the English language to center throughout on a child protagonist <2> and is also notable for Dickens'' unromantic portrayal of criminals and their sordid lives.<3> The book''s subtitle, The Parish Boy''s Progress alludes to Bunyan''s The Pilgrim''s Progress and also to a pair of popular 18th-century caricature series by William Hogarth, "A Rake''s Progress" and "A Harlot''s Progress."<4>
An early example of the social novel, the book calls the public''s attention to various contemporary social evils, including the
workhouse, child labour
and the recruitment of children as criminals. Dickens mocks the
hypocrisies of the time by surrounding the novel''s serious themes with sarcasm and dark humour. The novel may have been inspired by the story of Robert Blincoe, an orphan whose account of his hardships as a child laborer in a cotton mill was widely read in the 1830s.
Oliver Twist has been the subject of numerous film and television adaptations, and is the basis for a highly successful musical, Oliver!.Plot summary
Oliver Twist is born into a life of poverty and misfortune in the workhouse in an unnamed town<5>
within a 75 mile radius of London. Orphaned almost from his first
breath by his mother’s death in childbirth and his father’s unexplained
absence, Oliver is meagerly provided for under the terms of the Poor Law,
and spends the first nine years of his life at a "baby farm" in the
''care'' of a woman
named Mrs. Mann. Along with other juvenile offenders
against the poor-laws, Oliver is brought up with little food and few
comforts.
Around the time of the orphan’s ninth birthday, Mr Bumble, a parish beadle, removes Oliver from the baby farm and puts him to work picking oakum at the main branch-workhouse.
Oliver, who toils with very little food, remains in the workhouse for
six months, until the desperately hungry boys decide to draw lots; the
loser must ask for another portion of gruel. The task falls to Oliver,
who at the next meal tremblingly comes forward, bowl in hand, and makes
his famous request: "Please, sir, I want some more."
"Please, sir, I want some more." Illustration by George Cruikshank.
A great uproar ensues. The board of well-fed gentlemen who
administer the workhouse, while eating a meal fit for a king, are
outraged by Oliver''s ''ingratitude''. Wanting to be rid of this
troublemaker, they offer five pounds to any person wishing to take on
the boy as an apprentice. A brutal chimney sweep almost claims Oliver, but, when he begs despairingly not to be sent away with "that dreadful man" a kindly old magistrate refuses to sign the indentures. Later, Mr. Sowerberry, an undertaker
employed by the parish, takes Oliver into his service. He treats Oliver
well, and, because of the boy''s sorrowful countenance, uses him as a
"mute", or mourner, at children''s funerals. His wife, however, takes an
immediate dislike to Oliver – primarily because her husband seems to
like him – and loses few opportunities to underfeed and mistreat him.
He also suffers torments at the hands of Noah Claypole, a bullying and
none-too-bright fellow apprentice who is jealous of Oliver''s promotion
to mute.
One day, in an attempt to bait Oliver, Noah insults the orphan’s late mother, calling her "a regular right-down bad ''un".
Oliver flies into an unexpected passion, attacking and even besting the
much bigger boy. Mrs. Sowerberry takes Noah''s side, helps him subdue
Oliver, and later goads her husband and the beadle into again beating
the young orphan. Alone that night, Oliver finally decides to run awaa well-placed tableau sets his
wandering feet towards London.
During his journey to London, Oliver encounters one Jack Dawkins, who is also affectionately known as the Artful Dodger,
although young Oliver is oblivious to the hint. Dawkins provides Oliver
with a free meal and tells him of a gentleman in London who will "give him lodgings for nothing, and never ask for change".
Grateful for the unexpected assistance, Oliver follows Dawkins to the
gentleman’s residence. In this way, Oliver unwittingly falls in with an
infamous criminal known as Fagin, the "old gentleman" of whom Dawkins spoke. Ensnared, Oliver lives with Fagin and his criminal associates in their lair at Saffron Hill for some time, naively unaware of their criminal occupations.
Later, Oliver innocently goes out to "make handkerchiefs" with two
of Fagin’s underlings: Dawkins and a boy of a humorous nature named
Charley Bates. Oliver realizes too late that their real mission is to pick pockets,
and, although he doesn''t participate, he is hunted down and arrested.
To the judge''s evident disappointment, a witness clears Oliver, who, by
now acutely ill, faints in the courtroom. A wealthy old gentleman named
Mr. Brownlow, whom he was previously thought to have robbed, takes
Oliver home and cares for him.
Oliver stays with Mr. Brownlow, recovers rapidly, and blossoms from
the unaccustomed kindness. His bliss, however, is interrupted when
Fagin, fearing Oliver might "peach"
on his criminal gang, orchestrates Oliver''s kidnapping. When Mr.
Brownlow sends Oliver to pay for some books, one of the gang, Nancy –
albeit reluctantly – accosts him with help from her abusive lover, a
brutal robber named Bill Sikes,
and Oliver is quickly bundled back to Fagin''s lair. The thieves take
the five pound note Mr. Brownlow had entrusted to him, and strip him of
his fine new clothes. Oliver, dismayed, flees and attempts to call for
police assistance, but is ruthlessly dragged back by the Dodger,
Charlie and Fagin. Nancy, however, is sympathetic toward Oliver and
saves him from beatings by Fagin and Sikes.
In a renewed attempt to draw Oliver into a life of crime, Fagin
forces him to participate in a burglary. Nancy reluctantly assists in
recruiting him, all the while assuring the boy that she will help him
if she can. Sikes, after threatening to kill him if he does not
cooperate, sends Oliver through a small window and orders him to unlock
the front door. The robbery goes wrong, however, and Oliver is shot.
After being abandoned by Sikes, the wounded Oliver ends up under the
care of the people he was supposed to rob: Rose Maylie and the elderly Mrs. Maylie. Convinced of Oliver’s innocence, Rose takes the boy in and nurses him, once again, back to health.
Meanwhile, a mysterious man named Monks has found Fagin and is
plotting with him to destroy Oliver''s reputation. Nancy, by this time
ashamed of her role in Oliver''s kidnapping, and fearful for the boy''s
safety, goes to Rose Maylie and Mr. Brownlow to warn them. She knows
that Monks and Fagin are plotting to get their hands on the boy again.
She manages to keep her meetings secret until Noah Claypole (who has
fallen out with the undertaker and moved to London to seek his
fortune), using the name "Morris Bolter," joins Fagin''s gang for
protection. During Noah''s stay with Fagin, the Artful Dodger is caught
with a stolen silver snuff box, convicted and transported to Australia.
Later, Noah is sent by Fagin to "dodge" (spy on) Nancy, and discovers
her secret. Fagin angrily passes the information on to Sikes, twisting
the story just enough to make it sound as if Nancy had informed on him
(in actuality, she had shielded Sikes, whom she loves despite his
brutal character). Believing her to be a traitor, Sikes murders Nancy in a fit of rage, and is himself killed when he accidentally hangs himself while fleeing an angry mob.
Fagin in his cell.
Monks is forced