This
text of Jonathan Culler is considered the best introduction to the work of
Jacques Derrida. The death of the author, claimed for Roland Barthes, finished
being the birth of the reader, that is, it study of the reception on the part
of the reader, who now is had as the polar region that confers the direction of
the text. The estruturalism already led to the reader and searched the
production of the direction. At the present time, exactly critical that they do
not agree total to the death of the author they seem inclined to participate in
the study of readers and readings. The new orientation, given for the
estruturalism and the semiotics, made with that it described structures and
responsible codes for the production of the direction concentrates the
attention on the process of reading and its conditions of possibility. The
reader appeals, therefore, On The Desconstruction (Jonathan Culler)
The
reader appeals, therefore, to the code of the narration to construct the text
as the communication of a narrator for a public of the narrative. To speak of
the direction of a workmanship, therefore, in this first chapter of Culler, is
to count the history of its reading. Ingarden and Iser had made, between years
30 and 60 of the passed century, the defense of that the reader must fill the
gaps of the text. Therefore, this first chapter of Culler is turned toward the
aesthetic one of the reception, established in Barthes and other
estruturalists, as approach to be also presented by Derrida, despite in other
terms. In the second part, from the new approach in the generating reader while
of the direction, Culler approached the possibility “to read as woman” a text.
The reading “as woman” would be a intent reading to the sexual codes of the
text. When the figure appears of the woman, in the text, must be read it while
inserted in a context while one to be that it loads one weight of the nature,
being one many times. The reading of a text “as a woman” is an analysis grating
that can be used for man, therefore, that it effected readings that identified
is an analysis grating that can be used for man, therefore, that it effected
readings that identified and pointed out the bad masculine interpretations.
From this reading with the optics of a minority, it will be possible to make
this search of the codes that if to the blacks and homossexuals relate, amongst
other minorities. Derrida, more ahead, will give to support to this reading
when inverting Freud and to say that the woman is not the castrated man: the
man is that one forms particular of woman, having both the sexos been derived
from a primordial woman.
Culler
is against the falocentrism, associating it it the logocentrism of the culture
occidental person. Therefore, to study a workmanship, currently, is to make the
history of its reading. To read is to always operate with the hypothesis of a
reader, existing a gap or internal division to the reading. For Iser, it will
fit to the reader to complete the direction of what the text leaves
indeterminate, trying to construct a unit and modifying in agreement
construction the text supplies more information. For Barthes, the reading with
pleasure would not be the reading that confirms what the reader already knows
and yes the reading that puts in crisis its relation with the language.
If
Barthes still can be considered a formalist, Stanley Fish is another
theoretician who defies the notion formalist of the text as a structure that
determines the direction, contrasting the vision of active readers with others,
that if feel as passive readers. For Fish, what it defines the text are the
interpretative communities. It is not its relation with the social reality
(critical sociological), nor its analyzable structure (estruturalism) or same
its readings and readers For Fish, what it defines the text are the
interpretative communities. It is not its relation with the social reality
(critical sociological), nor its analyzable structure (estruturalism) or same
its readings and readers (aesthetic of the reception). In chapter two, Culler
is entered to deal with it the desconstruction properly said. To deal with the
derridian desconstruction, it is returned Nietzsche. Who practises the
desconstruction, is inside of the system, but in order to breach it. Nietzsche
deals with the causalidade from its internal functioning and searchs to
subverter it. Derrida goes to initiate its work of desconstruction of the
previous theories. For in such a way, it was based on the question of the
writing/speaks. For Derrida, the writing is not the mere representation of
speaks; the philosophy, for Richard Rorty (it has an ample dialogue enters the
philosophy of the language and a philosopher as Derrida) is a writing form.