THE SECOND
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION From the end of the twentieth century, the
gains of scale if leverage due to the growth of the availability of
steel, one of the marks of the second industrial revolution. In the
current context, any fluctuation of demand or flow of raw materials,
which before could be addressed with changes in the labour-, transform
itself into serious obstacles due to the intensive mechanization. The
alternative to a new momentum of growth was the vertical integration,
through processes of mergers and incorporations, which profoundly alter
the corporate structure. In all the sectors in which there was a
technical possibility of operating earnings of scale,
large companies
have emerged, vertically integrated in their production chains and
operating in major national markets. For that the process is efficient
there needs to be professionalism in business
management because we
must ensure addition to a production system efficient, we must also
maximize results in terms of purchasing, distribution and marketing,
which extrapolates far and financial management capability of
entrepreneur. Therefore, the verticalization requires a complex
administrative structure that mark the second industrial revolution
through the company, corporation, managed by a hierarchical structure
of administrators professional employees. The administrative structure
will represent a high fixed cost and because of activities not
mecanizáveis, this structure is characterized by low productivity.
Thus, in addition to increasing their participation in terms of number
of employees, the structure reduces the productivity gains from
operational areas. The maximization of profits in the short term loses
space for maximizing profits long-term, through expressive reinversão
of profits to ensure the expansion of the administrative structure.
Will be developed new opportunities for investment, creating new
demands through an aggressive marketing and interiorizando the very
dynamics of innovation through internal laboratories of R & D:
creates is an organized dissatisfaction in terms of designing a desire
to be happy. It feeds on industry profitability of the mystique of
science - where companies begin to fund both basic research as applied.
Unlike empirismo technology, totally unrelated to science, which
characterized the first industrial revolution, the technological
dynamics controlled by the large company is associated with science
causing an acceleration of the process of scientific and technological
development. The new hegemony will be in charge of the USA, the eve of
the First World War owns 40% of the GDP of developed countries and
becomes 50% at the end of the Second War. The success was attributed to
three factors. The first was based on a higher capital structure open
their businesses due to latecomers in the first industrial revolution.
The second factor was the acceleration of the process of
verticalisation because of the strong concern to the American free
market and its opposition to cartels. The most important factor was the
large suitability and acceptance of American society to the
standardized product. As characterized by Rosenberg: "... across a
complete range of products has been the evidence that the British
consumer''s tastes imposed on producers, constrangendo them seriously
with regard to the exploitation of the technology of the machines.
Observers English often notavam , with great surprise, that the
American products were designed to adapt, not the consumer, but the
machine ...". The Electrification of the Society for Electrical energy
is the second industrial revolution as well as the steam was for the
first and the electric light rates of profitability were high, allowing
the accelerated industrial growth. Engines and smaller machines and the
whole paraphernalia electronics subsequent enabled the development of a
large number of Household Appliances, which wod be the durable
consumer goods, together with the car, are the greatest symbols of
modern society. The development of the industry of Household Appliances
occurs as a natural response to the shortage in encarecimento of
labour-service domestic. That is, a labour-qualification of low
migrates to the industry and the salaries of serventes tend to follow
industrial wages. With the growth of the feminist movement, linking up
the idea that "donas from home must get rid of slavery of domestic
work," which increases the demand for Household Appliances due to
increased family income. In the context of increasing
labour productivity, is the scientific method of administration of Frederick
W. Taylor, who would become world-famous as taylorismo: for him the
great problem of existing administrative techniques consisted in
ignorance, by management and by employees, the optimal methods of work.
The search of optimal methods, it would be effected by management,
through systematic experimentation of times and movements. Once
discovered, the methods would be given to workers who were being turned
into deliverers of pre-defined tasks. A second theoretical design,
known as Fordism, accelerates the concept of the single product in
order to intensify the possibilities of economies of scale in the
process of assembly and to obtain lower prices. With his traditional
example of the Ford T, if the claim of modern technology
electromechanical, he develops interchangeable pieces of high precision
that eliminates the need for adjustment and consequently the very
mechanical adjuster. Without the need for adjustment, the assembly can
be taylorizada, leading to semi-skilled mechanics if especializassem in
the assembly of small parts.
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