In line with different historical conditions, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, and Jiang Zemin established their
international
strategic theories based on the characteristics of their respective times. These theories were all based on the legacy of Marxist principles but they differed in content. Such differences represent the development of the times, changes in the situation, and the
transformation of
international strategic theories and ideas. In general, the transformation includes changes in the guidelines of international strategy, the mode of strategic thinking, and patterns of objectives. The third generation of the Chinese leadership under Jiang Zemin abandoned idealism and re-positioned China in the world system, including in its relations with other countries and especially with the capitalist countries. In opposition to Cold War thinking, the short-term objectives that were formulated represent a new international strategic thinking totally different from that of western politicians. Based on the essential interests of the peoples of the world, a multi-level pattern of actions that combines the long-, medium-, and short-term objectives was taken so as to avoid such responses as "tackling an emergency" or "rebounding from a strike". These measures ensure the steady progress of China's diplomatic practices toward its given objectives.