This theory serves as the starting point for finding the determinism as was conceived by the French scientist marquis de
Laplace, at the beginning of the XIX century, when he argued that the universe was absolutely deterministic. The determinism look too obvious in this case, but Laplace went on further to declare that there are similar laws that do govern everything else, the human behavior included. The theory of the scientific determinism was strongly opposed by those ones who saw it as a violation against the divine faculty of intervention in the world.
There is also the
uncertainty principle that was formulated by the German scientist Werner Heisenberg. Aiming to predict the future position and speed of a particle, we must be capable of performing exact measurements of its present position and speed. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is an unavoidable property of the world. This principle has derived many deep implications in the ways to understand the world to such a level of complexity that more than fifty years has passed, and they have not been fully examined by the philosophers, and still feed a large variety of controversy. Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger and Paul Dirac, reformulated Mechanics in the 20´ s, by introducing a new theory, named quantum mechanics, and based on the uncertainty principle. According to this theory, the particles would not have positions and velocities individually distinguishable, observable. Instead of that, they present themselves in a quantum state that actually is the combination of position and velocity. In general, quantum mechanics does not predict a unique, definitive result out of an observation, but a number of different possible results. Quantum mechanics introduces an unavoidable element of unpredictability or causality in science. Einstein strongly opposed that concept. In this sense, he never conceived the universe to be governed by random, and his feelings were summarized in his famous statement: “God does not play dices". Many other scientists, nevertheless, were inclined towards accepting quantum mechanics. As a matter of fact, it was an extremely successful theory that provides support to modern science and technology. The two sole areas of physics where quantum mechanics has not been adequately incorporated to the date are gravitation and universe macrostructure. Quantum theory is based on a completely new kind of mathematics that, by its turn, does not describe a real world in terms of particles and waves. So, there is a duality between particles and waves in mechanics: for some purposes, it is worth to think about particles as if they were waves. And there are other instances when thinking of waves as if they were particles. The big problem was: the laws of of mechanics and electricity, before quantum mechanics, predicted that electrons would loose energy and thus end up running an inwards spiral trajectory to end up colliding with the nucleus. It means that the atoms that hold together for form matter and all matter as well should collapse rapidly, in a state of infinite density. A practical solution for the problem was conceived by the Danish scientist Niels Bohr in 1913. This model successfully explains the structure of the most simple of the atoms: the hydrogen. That has only one electron circulating its nucleus. The new quantum theory eliminated that difficulty and revealed that the electron circulating around the nucleus could be seen as a wave which wave length is a function of the circulating velocity. The Einstein’s general relativity theory seems to be in command of the so, macro-structure of the universe that’s what can be named a classical theory, because: it does not clinch the uncertainty principle, as it should do in order to be consistent with other theories. The reason to spare the theory from discrepancy is the observation that all gravitational fields can be considered weak. Nevertheless, the theorems of singularity indicate that the gravitation field to be extremely strong in at least, two different situations - Black Holes and the Big bang.
In this strong gravitation the quantum effects are important.
Thus, in one hand, the classical general relativity predicts its own crushing under the weight of its predictions of points of infinite density, the same way that happened to classical mechanics, when it suggested that atoms would march to a final infinite density. Unfortunately, we do not have a complete and consistent theory to unify general relativity and quantum mechanics.