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While the availability of
electricity by itself is not a panacea for the
problems facing
Africa, the supply of
electricity is nevertheless believed to be
a necessary requirement for Africa's economic and social development. This paper
tests the long-run and causal relationship between electricity consumption per
capita and real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita for 17 African
countries for the period 1971-2001 using a newly developed cointegration test proposed by
Pesaran et al. (2001) and using a modified version of the Granger causality test
due to Toda and Yamamoto (1995). The advantage of using these two approaches is
that they both avoid the pre-testing bias associated with conventional unit root
and cointegration tests. The empirical evidence shows that there was a long-run
relationship between electricity consumption per capita and real GDP per capita
for only 9 countries and Granger causality for only 12 countries. For 6
countries there was a positive uni-directional causality running from real GDP
per capita to electricity consumption per capita.
More than 60 botanical watercolors, prints, and rare books will be on view at
The New York Botanical Garden in this exhibition, which features works on loan
from the National Herbarium of the Netherlands at Leiden, as well as artwork
from The New York Botanical Garden's LuEsther T. Mertz Library. The exhibition
showcases exotic and rare plants discovered by explorers during the Age of
Discovery and ensuing years, and includes depictions of rare plants from North
and South America, Asia, the Mediterranean, and South Africa.