Metaphors: From the antiquity, the writer has resorted to a series of figures or stylistic resources that cause that the
literary language is different from the habitual language. We can say that the written speech, transgresses the norms of the oral word. But thanks to God that that transgression exists, because from its systematization the poetic language arises. Before year 1,850, it existed what we called submissive writer. This it created within cánones that the rhetoric allowed him. The rhetoric, in Literature, has to do with all the subjects related to the beauty or vigor of the style, but in its stricter sense. To write put under the rhetoric, was to respect the academicistas norms of what cultured "writing was considered". The rhetoric uses the
metaphors by similarity, or comparison uniting two terms that present/display similarities through a nexus: The sky was like a black velvet mantle where the moon slept. Suppressing the nexus as we have left: The sky was a black velvet mantle where the moon slept. The
Metaphor in this case would be impure, but in both examples are metaphors used in this period, in which a more passive reader required itself. Examples: Luis de Góngora Era of the year the lain flowery station in which robador of Europe the average moon the arms of its front and the sun all the rays of its hair Or this other example where we see clearly the use of the metaphor by similarity: the dream is brother of the death; Black the hair, undoso imitador of dark waters of the Leteo Or the antithesis in these verses of Lope de Vega: Fire is the water, the heavy zephyr sierpes the flowers, sandy ground the meadow an example of Litote in these lines of the Don Quixote of Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra: It saw (Don Quixote) not far from the way a sale that was as if it saw a star that not to the vestibules, but to the palaces of his.redemption it directed to him. Nowadays if we had to only give synonymous of that type of Literature it would happen one to us: Wordiness As of year 1,850, with the coming of the Romanticism, the authors begin to come off themselves all academicismo and they are dedicated to transgress cánones that the rhetoric marked. The receiver acquires importance and then begins to consider a way to write based on that reader. They appear because the different styles, and to the rhetorics the stylistic one is against to him who are neither the more nor less than the interaction between word and sensation. As of that moment the words count something, transmit sensations. The metaphors are gotten up to the text but not because they are pretty, but with the only intention to create sensations Returning to the example that we used in the metaphors of the period of the rhetoric: The sky was like a black velvet mantle where the moon slept We suppressed to the subject the sky and the nexus as and we have left: It was a black velvet mantle where the moon slept We will have a metaphor by reference, which will require reading more assets since its interpretation is free. Examples: Mallarmé (1.842-1.898) already said that: "To name an object, it is to suppress the three fourth parts of the enjoyment of the poem, that resides in the happiness to be guessing, the dream also is suggested". And finally that the metaphors have become contemporary Literature, in the art to suggest through sensations the different metaphors or diction figures are used by the authors as resources to create the effect wished in a work. Next we will see a detail of the same and examples where we will appreciate the effect that has been obtained: METAPHOR (itself) Understood by the rhetoric like the comparison or similarity between two things that do not have anything to do: The eyes were two mud bursts. Its laughter was a whip of pens (J.Cortazar, the dribbles of the devil)