The study found that social support, particularly from family members, was important in helping the mothers adjust well after
their release. Finding gainful employment was a problem for many, and financial problems were magnified by their obligation to pay fines after release. Mothers'
substance abuse, partner abuse, and depression complicated their relationships with their children and family members. This study recommends holistic, comprehensive interventions by community and social networks in targeting substance abuse, family
violence, and mental disorders among released mothers. The 28 mothers were referred to the study by the Western Regional Probation and Parole Office in Roanoke, Va., and Radford, Va. All had at least one minor child, and their probation was currently active at the time of the interview, which was conducted between October 2003 and June 2004. Eighty-minute interviews focused on family relationships during incarceration and after release; risk factors such as clinical depression, substance abuse, family violence, and parenting stress; and protective factors such as the availability and use of family and community support.