Introduction This paper in 2002 in the Chinese University of eight lectures basis the authors at the University of Birmingham
in the expert discussions ago was modified Dictionary aims to explore the use of the benefits of research and its implications. --- Definition of a basic user
observation : from a user''s perspective Dictionary of the research methods ... (Hartmann / James 1,998 / 2 0 0 1 : 1 5 2) Table 1, as shown in table 1. users observation Dictionary as a branch of the study, or is an integral part of Recently, scientists have been many Dictionary of interest, but I Exeter University during the research. Here, I will briefly outline some of the basic research approach to a few representative comments observation means, and the end of the article made some basic recommendations. Various studies ways to make HowardJackson We note lexicography two mutually exclusive and contradictory aims : coverage easy to use. Two conflicting functions -- the traditional native dictionary, attempts to simultaneously play two possible conflicting roles : providing vocabulary to describe, and different types of users with ready-made reference to the glossary. Table 2 on the use of
dictionaries at least two different research approaches : Codification is the study ways and means of users. Dictionary learn from them the two most important objectives : the former hope to provide a "comprehensive coverage" the latter wish to provide "ready reference." (Although Jackson''s exposition clearly point to the "native language dictionaries" But it applies equally to the use of monolingual dictionaries and cross-language dictionary of the language learners.) Codification and users that the intersection Dictionary of the body. It must clearly understand (or "meet the user") to ensure that the compiler and user interaction, reduce friction. As shown in Table 3, at least from the perspective of three interdisciplinary to reflect : 3 interdisciplinary framework --- (1) teaching Lexicography (and learning Dictionary) : Dolezal & McCreary (1999), Humbl Qing (2 0 0 1) (2) users Sociology (reference and human needs) : Wiegand (1997), Svens Ying n (1993) (3) Psychological Science Dictionary (See skills and personal) : Bejoint (1994), Nesi (1999) Table 3 (1) "Science Teaching Dictionary" produced in English as a second language and foreign language teaching The field, and the "single-language dictionary," and its derivatives "Learner''s Dictionary" is closely linked to the rise. It allows teachers and scientists to study Dictionary Dictionary (learner''sdictionary) the use of the many issues have been more aware of. PhilippeHumbl Qing (2 0 0 1) the use of the works of the "learning English Dictionary" (foreig nlanguagelexicography) the appropriate wording, non-native language to emphasize the needs of the users. (2) "user sociology" began with the users of HerbertErnstWiegand "famous unknown groups" or "familiar strangers" to think. It causes people to the various needs and see how to design different types of information tools to meet this need with the depth Xie. For example, n BoSvens Ying materials in his second chapter, Dictionary of users of the dictionary requirements and the requirements of the users were succinct and clear distinction. (3) "Dictionary of Psychological Science" by HenriBejoint in psychological research and mastering vocabulary dictionary reference reading skills relations, similar to answer "how to reference tool for obtaining information, What is necessary skills. " In a network on the basis of the investigation, According to language learning students for the effective use of dictionaries and may require the ability and knowledge with those skills. In addition to the codification and users, we must also admit that the dictionary "game" at least two "players," or two "Dictionary of the actors on stage" -- the teachers and researchers (see table 4). Teachers can often help, As learners and users and as providers of infobetween the codification and acted as bridges. In addition, the dictionary researchers can study prompted refer to the process of success or failure of the various factors or variables. 4 role --- (1) compilers (2) users (3) Teachers (4) Table 4 do researchers In fact, researchers (Hartmann 2 0 0 1), has proved to observe the users do not exist in isolation. but all in all levels of the "Dictionary" from the number of branches or several components of the framework be considered. The Dictionary of five components -- (a) The historical dimension (2) criticized the level (3) Typologies level ( 4) structure (5) Table 5 user level means and the results observed for the use of dictionaries is a relative relatively new profession, but has become a very broad field, difficulty in a brief paper to be comprehensive exposition (YukioTono works Researcho nDictionaryUseintheContextofForeignLangu ageLearning 2 0 0 1 have made a good summary). I will try to date the large number of methods to choose six, and its pioneers as an example, then briefly described. Six representative observation means --- (1) (dictionary) test-Zimmer (1986) (2) questionnaire survey Barnhart investigation --- (1962) (3) interviewed --- Diab (1,990) (4) is Krings recorded observation --- (1986) (5) Tono experiment --- (1984) (6) ( users) testing -- Hartmann (2 0 0 0) 1986 Table 6. prominent German journalists DieterZimmer "Dictionary comment" or "Dictionary of testing the title of" Weekly DieZeit on the design of several of presenting the unique bilingual dictionary of a lattice comment. He chose his own writing and translation in practice some difficult words and phrases. As a bilingual dictionary to assess the quality standards for testing. His surprise, he found that several of the achievements Dictionary is quite good. At the time, this practice rather innovative, but also because it contains an objective evaluation and even now still unrivaled. However, the terminology used in testing only by the choice of a user, are still being subjective. Another pioneer is the famous American Dictionary of Jurists ClarenceBarnhart. 2 0 in the 1950s to the American College English Teachers Writing issued 1 0 8 questionnaire, According to the students to enable them to the attention of the dictionary ordering information. Following is the ranking : (1) Significance (2) Spelling (3) pronunciation (4) synonyms (5) use (6) Etymology Barnhart of the study in the then very influential. While this survey was subsequently be questioned, and in many other surveys was modified, but I am sure that Etymological information bedspread University dictionaries and language learning English dictionary entries moved to the final or completely deleted, This is a questionnaire survey with a certain method of relationship. Survey the advantage of the choice of appropriate investigation, under the premise of collecting large amounts of data standards; and its main drawback is that the results are not directly, because it is on some common problems and subjective to the design, The answer is subjective, often based on personal memories and perspectives, rather than the actual situation. Therefore, people are constantly calling for a more objective, more direct and more insightful observation methods, such as the "interview" "Record observation" and the "personal test." TurkiDiab earliest (1990) used the "interview" approach. As a component of the mixed method, Jordan used to study a teaching hospital by the nurses and other staff of the use of the dictionary, This is a multidisciplinary research. This approach has enabled him to Professional (with other studies of the general subjects, such as language the students, very different) the need to have access to some understanding, In particular understanding of professional reading comprehension tasks for the inspection needs. This method also enable him to see the what can and should enhance their inspection skills. The so-called "Monologue Record