Global
Migration The technical Innovation as of the Industrial Revolution made the 19th century world seem a much
smaller place . Railroads could quickly transport large human cargoes across continents , the Suez and Panama canals reduced travel times- sometimes by as much as 50 % , and ships became larger , faster, and more seaworthy .The mechanization and centralization of industry required the concentration of labor on a scale never before seen. At the same time, the European imperial powers were exploiting their tropical possessions for the economic benefit. Cash crops ,grown on large plantations, needed a plentiful supply of labor as well Political upheaval, wars, and economic hardship provided the most dramatic impetus to emigration – especially in the Russian Empire and Central Europe, and in southeastern China.
migration in the 19th century
More than 80 million people emigrated from their country of origin during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Over half of them moved across the Altantic to North and South America . The end of the American Civil War in 1865, and the opening up of Indian land to settlers swathe greatest period of immigration to the US and Canada. In the Russia Empire .movement was eastward from European Russia into Siberia and the Caspian region. Europeans moved south and east to take up employment in the colonies , while
indentured laborers traveled to the Americas, Africa, and Southeast Asia.
Jewish Migration
The French Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars and the unification of Italy and Germany her aided an unprecedented era of liberalization for many of Europe Jews .However in 1795 the annexation of Poland gave the Russian Empire control over the world largest Jewish community Legal persecution , including military conscription ,gave way to a more liberal attitude under Alexander II . His assassination in 1881 provoked more than 20 years of government –sanctioned pogroms against the Jews . Mass Migration followed : to the New World and especially the US and to western Europe.
Indentured labor
The 19th century migration of people from the Indian subcontinent dates from the abolition of slavery in the British Empire and French colonies which created a severe labor shortage on the plantations. Migrants –or indentured laborers –were hired for a period of three to five years , in exchange for the price of the passage and a given wage. During this period too, large numbers of Indians settled in eastern and Southern Africa. Between about 1852 and 1900 at least 2,300,000 Chinese emigrated –on a similar basis- to North America, Australia ,New Zealand, and Southeast Asia. Often fleeing famine and war ,they were employed to do ardous labour, building railroads and mining gold and tin.
In the modern times one can see U.S. is having population belonging to several countries settled for more than a century.. Similiarly you can find people from Indian origin in Singapore, U.S. , West Indies, England and other places in the world. Now they are citizens of that land which gave them shelter, food and opportunities.
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