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Shvoong Home>Arts & Humanities>History>HISTORICAL PANORAMA OF CHINA Summary

HISTORICAL PANORAMA OF CHINA

Article Summary   by:hgespuny     Original Author: HERBERT GONÇALVES ESPUNY
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This abstract was translated from PANORAMA HISTÓRICO DA CHINA
 
HISTORICAL PANORAMA OF CHINA

The history of China seems to have begun with Sinanthropus Pekinenses''s emergence (the man from Peking) there are about 500.000 years ago. That primitive man''s long day up to 3.000 B.C. still is not known... That one know is, that about that last date, there were already some sedentary farmers and semi-nomadic cattle breeders in what is known by Chinese territory.

FIRST CULTURES: The Chinese tradition establishes the year 2852 B.C. as the beginning of its history. Begins the Three Sovereigns and the Five Rulers then. Those mythical kings were responsible for the construction of houses, for the organized agriculture and for the learning of the domain of the fire. Still says the tradition, that the Yellow Emperor''s wife, discovered and introduced the culture of the bug of the silk, secret kept by several centuries in China, which several missions of espionage of other people to unmask it very kept secret.

DYNASTY XIA: After the Five Rulers, the foundation of the I Chinese Dynasty, the Dinastia Xia was proceeded. The attributed dates the that Dynasty space from 2205 to 1766 B.C. they Say the traditions that Xia was begun by Great Yu, benefactor of the time that stimulated the development of a series of collective benefits, as the control of the inundations and the irrigation of the fields. However, any known archeological proof that proves those historical traditions doesn''t exist conserved by Chinese.

DYNASTY SHANG: Anyang is the area known as the cradle of the Chinese civilization. Between 1928 and 1937, excavations in this area found about 100 thousand bones of oxen, deer and shells of turtles. Known as "divinatory bones", because his/her old Chinese were used for practices oraculares, they contained a series of characters. Those bones date of, approximately, 1.300 B.C. and the characters in them found they seem to constitute the oldest form of Chinese writing.
Beyond of those divinatory bones they were found several graves, bronze vases and other objects that transmit the idea of a civilization of great splendor and violence. The kings were buried in great graves, with several underground ramps. Under the coffin a dog was sacrificed and deposited, together with numerous treasures. Even combat cars, with horses and coachmen, they were also buried. Besides, ten victims'' groups - war prisoners - they occupied, also, the real sarcophagus.

The Chinese religion was based on the cult to the ancestors and in the cult to the spirits that inhabited the nature. The person possessed two souls: DAMN IT, the soul of the life; and HUN, the spiritual soul. Both could be maintained alive, even after the death of the body, if the descendants made sacrifices to feed them. POWDER could decline and to disappear with the time; HUN could be maintained indefinitely, since conveniently reminded through sacrifices. HUN until it could become a divinity of great power, capable to answer subjects of importance to their descendants. The cult of the soul of the ancestral ones occupied such important paper in China that, in some communities, the SUPREME BEING was the ANCESTRAL SUPREME, in other words, the oldest ancestor and, therefore, more common to all. The historical texts to describe the fall of a kingdom or dynasty, frequently, were the sacrifices were "Interrupted... ".

The cult to the ancestral ones was privilege of families of the elite (kings and high employees). it Seems that there were not priests with being able to and influence. The cults were driven by the own boss of the family or for employees of the State. The layers popular, without importance, at least had last name, therefore they didn''t worship ancestral.

DYNASTY ZHOU (1027 - 221a.C.): The Chinese traditions establish 1027 B.C. as the date of Dinastia Shang''s fall. A warlike ty kings Wen and Wu, it conquered and it occupied the territory driven by Shang. The derrotaaos Shang was obtained by the "will of the Sky" and frequently he/she settled down the contrast between the violence and the last sovereign''s iniquity Shang and kings Wen''s immense kindness and Wu.

In Distania Zhou it seems to have had a great evolution in the Chinese territory. The registrations in the bronze were more varied and rich, what suggests a good development of the writing. There were summaries of rituals and music, arch manuals and arrow, written historical and other. The first stage of the dynasty Zhou was known as period Zhou Ocidental. In 841 B.C. a popular revolt deposed the king and the specialists consider that the first date holds of the Chinese history. The transfer of the capital of the valley of the river Wen for a more area to east, close to Luoyang, opened what period Zhou Oriental was designated.

Little by little, Dinastia Zhou''s kings went becoming represent ornamental without any command power in the several city-states. A period of internal wars was proceeded, looking for a regional supremacy among the several cities. One of those city-states, driven by Qin, it assumed the power in China in 221 the. C., leading off the dynasty Qin (221 - 206 B.C.) that was happened by the Dinastia Han after new internal disorders (206 - 221 A.D.).

Article originally published in
http://hgespuny.sites.uol.com.br/goldsquare//ichinghistoria.htm,
author: HERBERT GONÇALVES ESPUNY
Published: October 07, 2007   
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