Grammar in Greece
The Greeks were very concerned about a people with great stories and achievements of territories, however they were not concerned to study the languages that cercavam, called the neighbouring peoples of barbaric and unworthy of even being studied. The negligence of this act i enabled the Greeks to understand the possible similarities they had languages. The Greeks thought and studied only in their own language and this was seen on two aspects: "aesthetic plan (the procedures for style) and the philosophical plane (adequacy of language to thought)." This Pág.17 interest in the basic grammatical language was established by Greeks who backed the linguistic studies in Europe centuries later. These databases were not designed by Greeks as grammar, but as philosophical, with the central theme the relationship thought-word, that is what leads certain thing and have that particular name. The first Greek thinkers admitted a sense in this respect, considering the word as "incarnation of things." (BORBA, 1975, p.13) Socrates in one of his famous dialogues comes on the possible arbitrariness. In this dialogue the characters discuss the relationship between things and names, giving examples of words that bring an implicit meaning and properties allegedly linked to letters and also of words that has nothing in common with the name they receive. It was Aristotle who studied the philosophy of language, raised ideas about the formation of grammar. He defended the accuracy of the words, but it was merit to the study of language structure. He established a theory of sentence, the distinction between parts of a speech and grammar listed the categories. The vocabulary has systematized by Aristotle influence so far in pedagogy and methodology of studies. The estóicos, always based on logic also stand out in the study of the issue of language. For them "the language is originated naturally in the soul of men and the word expressed the thing as the nature of it, posing, similarly in the listener, an impression as the actual nature" (BORBA, 1975, p. 13). Within this perspective, the estóicos were the first to conduct research etimológicas seeking the truth at the root of words. The estóicos also contributed in the development of grammar class. In the third century, a movement born in Alexandria, sought a more objective study of language and such studies meeting received the name of grammar, covering also the general interests of written works. During this period the concern with the relationship thing-name has been replaced by fault-analogy, and the failure to "lack of consequence continuously observed between word and thought" (BORBA, 1975, p. 14), and the analogy to "trend leveling of the language "(BORBA, 1975, p. 14). The grammar has emerged in this period was purely normative, being used to differentiate right from wrong and was linked to the interpretation of texts. The class name, verb, participle, Article, pronoun, prepositions, adverbs and conjunctions the classes were established so far. The morphology sought the sounds (vowels, consonants, semi-vowels, seedlings, etc.). Restrictions of Greek studies: It is worried only philosophically and always using the logic; only concern with the Greek without comparing it with other languages, studying the language had the intention to understand and preserve ancient texts; took as a basis only the Greek, without comparing it with other languages, came to false conclusions because it gave more value to the assumptions that experience, the philosophical basis made it very abstract settings; to be purely normative, the Greek grammar only taught to read, write . Despite these restrictions, the Greeks were the precursors of studies of language by launching the bases fundamentaise the grammatical categories that remain until today translated.
Grammar of Rome
The Latin people showed great interest in foreign languages. Based on the models Greeks, had great difficulties in establishing rules in accordance with Greek theories, but eventually expanded the studies casually. Among the scholars Latinos can become detached from Varrão "who made great effort to define the grammar at the same time as science and art and that vislumbrou, with more clarity that the Greeks, the value of the opposition aspects of the system of the verb." P .19 The studies were broadcast in Italy Greeks and the Romans urged to apply the ratio anomaly-analogy in their own language. The Romans already recognised the parts of a speech, but not appoint them subject, predicate, and so on. The first treaty devoted to school appeared between 37 and 52 d. C, and then the centuries IV and VI also discursavam on other parts of speech, the rules of rhetoric, metric and so on. Of those parts of speech, the Romans distinguished the name (nouns and adjectives), pronoun, verb, participle, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections, excluding the Article that was not relevant in Latin and creating the interjections that there was in Greek. The main source of Latin studies was "From Latin language" of Varrão (116 to 27 BC) that although much has been lost in the passing of time, shows the relationship anomaly-analogy being mediated by the author with examples. The same limitations of Greeks, the advance is in the study be dealing with two languages. Created similar fanciful explanations and derivations to the words.
More summaries about the Grammar in Greece