Definition of Research

The definition of a study appearing today's diverse, one of which is quite famous is according to Webster's New Collegiate dictionary says that the research is "an investigation or examination is serious, especially investigation or experimentation aimed at finding and interpreting the facts, revision of the theory or arguments that have been accepted ". There are 9 criteria of research as follows:

1. Research should be ranged around the problem you want to solve.

2. The study must contain at least small-element originality. Originality researchers must have the scientific imagination and be creative. Researchers should have a diamond that plans and initiatives should be fertile with ideas that are rational and avoid plagiarized.

3. Research must be based on the view "Want to know".

4. Research should be conducted with an open view.

5. Research must be based on the assumption that a phenomenon has law and regulation.

6. Research wishes to find proposition.

7. Research is the study of cause and effect.

8. The study should use an accurate measurement.

9. The study must use a technique known consciously.

In a book entitled Introduction to Research, T. Hillway added that the research is "a study carried out by someone through a careful investigation and perfect to a problem, in order to obtain an exact solution to the problem". Another scientist named Woody suggests that research is the "method of finding the truth is conducted with critical thinking”.

Research can use the scientific method or non-scientific method. But if we see from the definition above, a lot of research intersect with critical thinking, rational, logical (reasoning), and analytical, so that eventually the use of scientific method is a plural and generally agreed upon in the study. The scientific method is also considered more could be measured, verified and understood by human senses. Research using the scientific method is called by scientific research. Below is kinds of research such as :

a. Qualitative Research

Qualitative research is useful for obtaining research findings and building a new theoretical framework. Qualitative research usually pursues verbal data more representative of the phenomenon and not the full figures percentage and less evenly represent the entire phenomenon. From qualitative research, the data obtained from the field are usually not structured and relatively many, allowing researchers to organize, critic, and classify through qualitative research. The term qualitative research, initially from a quantitative observation based on opposed to qualitative observations (Suwardi Endraswara, 2006:81).

Qualitative research (including historical and descriptive research) is the research that does not use mathematical models, statistical or computer. The research process begins by establishing the basic assumptions and rules of thinking that will be used in the study. The assumptions and rules of thinking are then applied systematically in collecting and processing data to provide explanations and arguments.

Qualitative methods use some form of data collection such as an open interview transcripts, observation descriptions, as well as analysis of documents and other artifacts. The data is analyzed while maintaining the authenticity of the text that has meaning. This is done because the purpose of qualitative research is to understand the phenomenon from the viewpoint of the participants, social and institutional contexts. So that a qualitative approach generally is inductive.

Qualitative research is a model of humanistic research, which puts humans as the main subject in the social events / culture. This type of research is based on the phenomenological philosophy of Edmund Husserl (1859-1928) and later developed by Max Weber (1864-1920) in sociology. The nature of the humanist school of thought is seen from the view of the human position as the major determinant of individual behavior and social phenomena. In Weber's view, human behavior is the visible consequences of a number of views ror doctrines that live on human heads the culprit. So, there are a number of terms, restrictions, or the complexity of meanings that actors live in the human head, which forms expression behavior explicitly.

b. Quantitative Research

According to August Comte (1798-1857) stated that the quantitative paradigm is a research approach that builds upon the philosophy of positivism. Positivism is a philosophical school which rejected metaphysical and theological elements of social reality. Since the rejection of metaphysical and theological elements, positivism is sometimes regarded as a variant of Materialism (if the latter is contrasted with idealism).
In quantitative research is believed, that the only knowledge (knowledge) is valid science (science), the knowledge that originated and is based on experience (experience) who was caught passing to and processed by the faculty of reason (reason). Epistemologically, the study received a quantitative paradigm that the most important source of knowledge is a fact that has never happened, and more specifically the things that can be captured five senses (exposed to the sensory experience). This also indicates, that ontologically, the object of study is a quantitative study of phenomena and the general relationships between these phenomena (general relations the between phenomena). The definition of the phenomenon here is in line with the principle of sensory experience is limited to the external appearance given in sense perception alone. Because knowledge is sourced from the facts obtained through the five senses, then science must be based on the experiment, induction and observation.

In line with the above explanation, in epistemology, quantitative paradigm holds that the source of that knowledge consists of two, namely rational thought empirical data. Therefore, the measure of truth lies in the coherence and correspondence. Coherent means accordance with earlier theories, and correspondence means in accordance with empirical reality. Framework for the development of science starts from the process of formulating the hypothesis that deduction from the theory, then tested its truth through the verification for further processing inductively toward formulating a new theory. Thus, the epistemological, the development of science is turning to follow the cycle, logic, hypothetic, verification.