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Zoomorphism
, also known as theriomorphism
‘wild beast’ + morphe, ‘form’>, can be defined as, 1) Symbolic representation of deities as animals or ascribing animal qualities to them; or belief in their ability to take on animal shapes at will. 2) The use of animal figures in art and design or of animal symbols in literature. 3) Drawing up analogies of human behavior in terms of animal behavior. At its rudimentary level, it connoted a spiritual kinship between humans and animals, one that could manifest itself, no doubt disconcertingly, by the metamorphosis of humans into beasts. The presumed existence of werewolves, for example, was attributed to nothing more than physical contact (albeit of a somewhat painful nature) occurring between human and wolf. Witches and devils were envisaged as being able to assume the guise of their familiar spirits but injury to the familiars brought on corresponding hurt to the witch, which would have made that a risky proposition. Examples of
zoomorphism include the representation in Christianity of the apostles Mark, Luke and John as a lion, an ox and an eagle, respectively, and the Holy Spirit as a dove. The
ancient Norse god Fenrisulfr was represented as a wolf: and zoomorphism was more or less the norm in the pantheon of the ancient Egyptians, with a few of their deities being portrayed as follows. Hathor- woman’s body and a cow’s head Anubis- man with the head of a jackal Thoth- body of a man with the head of an ibis