Smoking is a preventable complex behavior. Smoking is the biggest preventable cause of death in U.K
. Smoking
is the cause for 25% of C.H.D. related deaths. 80% of chronic obstructive air way disease are related to smoking, and 90% of deaths due lung cancer are due to smoking (G.S.H 1992) .Smoking rates have declined since 1970’s. Currently 29% U.K. adults are smokers (G.S.H.1992). Tobacco advertisements are being banned from billboards and printed media, following Tobacco advertising & Promotion act made in 2002. Smoking is high in blue-collar workers and less educated individuals, it is lowest among college graduates & those over age of 75 It has been argued in the literature that people usually smoke to get emotional support and to regulate emotions, anxiety, & to get personal identity, smoking also relieves boredom, stress depression Some people feel that smoking usually improves performance and it withdraws symptoms which impair performance. It has been suggested that people might initiate smoking through peer pressure Evidence show that extraverts and people with low self-esteem are easily get habituated to smoking.Children with smoking parents are more likely to smoke People usually continue to smoke once they are habituated to it because nicotine stimulates brain reward centers and increases€h levels which is important for cognitive performance. Many people feel about addiction as locking into an inescapable pattern of behaviour and they feel it as permanent brain disease. But many people overcome addiction. It may take several trials .Quitting smoking has both immediate and long –term health benefits. It lowers the risk of getting cancer, heartattacks, strokes and early death, cataracts and skin wrinkling. By quitting smoking risk of exposing others by second hand smoke will be reduced. It saves money also.According to National institute of health smoking is a powerful pattern of behavior that can’t easily be altered. Cigarette smoking is a biophysical phenomenon. All smokers are psychologically dependent on smoking. Some smokers are also physically dependent on nicotine and may get withdrawal symptoms. Performance of deprived smokers is impaired relative to that of other smokers. There are certain triggers, which tempt the person to lit a cigar they are feeling stressed, feeling down, talking on the phone, drinking liquor like wine or beer, watching T.V, Driving a car, finishing a meal, playing cards, taking a work break, being with other smokers, drinking coffee, seeing some else smoking cooling off after a fight, feeing lonely after having a sex. Smokers should substitute new behaviors in place of smoking to react triggers. It is necessary to learn new skills that will enable to react to triggers. National institute of Health (2003) suggested some tips to stay away from triggers these are staying away from places where smoking is allowed, sitting in the non smoking session in the restaurants, keeping hands busy by holding pencil or paperclip, carrying a water bottle, staying away from people who smoke, spending time with nonsmoking friends, putting something else in the mouth, or chewing sugar free of gum snaking a carrot or celery stick, staying away from alcohol, and substituting alcohol with soda, juice or ice water. Remembering that the urge to smoke will come and go and craving usually last for a brief period.
Use of cognitive models has been decribed at
http://www.writesight.com/writers/srilakshmi/
TTM andTPB have been decribed.