Object Identification basis for the proper employment of Abies nephrolepis (Trautv ) Maxim were provided by the histological anatomy study of the leaf and the young stem of A nephrolepis Methods The intra surface of the leaves' epidermis and the dried wood of the twig were observed by the scanning electron microscope; the cross sections of the leaf and the young stem and cross radial tangent sections of the wood were observed by the optical microscope Results The stoma was sunk under the four subsidiary cells which surround around the stoma The hypodermis was only distributed under the middle parts of the uppper and lower epidermis Casparian thickening was not found on the endodermis There were two mesial resin canals and two bundles, and there were not normal resin canals in the wood The xylem ray was completely composed with parenchyma cells, whose end walls and level walls have nodal thickening The cross field pitting was pinoid Conclusion The above results can be used as basis for the identification of the herbal medicine A nephrolepis