SOME
IMPORTANT MILESTONES IN IMMUNOLOGY 1796 -Edward Jenner employed cowpox virus to vaccinate humans against small pox. 1879 -Louis Pasteur developed a live attenuated
vaccine to prevent fowl cholera. 1882 -Eli Metchnikoff is credited with the discovery of phagocytes& he strongly contended that they were important in resisting to infectious diseases. 1885 - Pasteur developed an effective rabies vaccine. Initially this vaccine consisted of suspension of dried spinal cord of rabbit that had been infected with virulent rabies virus. 1890 - In Robert Koch’s laboratory ,Emid von Bering & Shabasaburus kitasato
discovered tetanus 1893 - 1895 The combined observation of Buchner, Pfeiffer & Bordet led to the recognition of complement & antibodies. 1900s -
Vaccines were introduced for
prevention of typhoid & cholera. 1900 -Karl Landsteiner identified the human A,B & O blood groups. 1902- Portier & Richet demonstrated anaphyaxis 1920s- BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerin) a live vaccine was developed for prevention of tuberculosis. 1921 - Prausnitz & Kustner showed that the active agent of immediate hypersensitivity circulates in blood. This laid the ground work for the study of allergies. 1930s- Diphtheria & yellow fever vaccines were introduced. 1943 - Medawar, through a series of skin
grafting experiment in rabbits showed that grafting rejection was immunological in nature. 1945 -Owen found that genetically distinct twin calves (fraternal twins) called “Freemartin Twins” are completely tolerant of each others blood. 1950s - Burnet with associates developed over a number of years, the clonal selection theory of antibody production. 1952 -Brunton provided the first medical report linking a clinical disease with immune defect. 1960s - The discovery of T-cells, Measles & Rubella vaccine introduced. 1961-1962 Jacques Miller discovered the role of Thymus in cellular immunity. 1970s- Borel & associates discovered the now widely used immuno suppressive compound “Cyclosporine” 1975 – Milstein & Kohler successfully produced Monoclonal Antibodies. 1985-1987 T-cell receptor genes were identified by Leroy Hood.
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