From the period of Emperor Huodi of the East Han dynasty, the relatives of emperors and the eunuchs held powers alternatively;
politics was corrupt; the social crisis was serious; and the royal power that stands for society and the state was in danger. As the foundation of the autocratic political power, the scholar-officials were very anxious about this matter. In order to make right existing evils, they launched a series of social rescuing activities, which may be roughly divided into
political criticism in public opinion respect and direct or indirect rectification of or struggle against the current malpractices in practical respect.. These activities exerted certain actions on the correction of the dark politics and maintained the rule of emperors. But as the scholar-officials were short of understanding the essence of the monarchy system, their activities seldom touched the deep political structure. Nevertheless, their critical spirit still made the monarchy system keep certain open of public opinion and correspond independent criticism and supervising force, as well as decreased the closed nature and hidden nature of the monarchy system.