Anthropology is the
science that treats of the
human factor and your relações.A
Anthropology becomes separated in Social Anthropology and Physical Anthropology or cultural.Ambas they treat of the man''s desire in knowing your origins. Your display several thought forms. Therefore at the beginning, the anthropology was considered the science that takes care of the man and of your evolutionary process, in the time and in the space. The anthropology privileged Antropometria, science that takes care of the fossil man and of the alive man. History of the anthropology The construction of the
anthropological glance and your principal debates. Although the authors'' great majority agrees that the anthropology has defined while it only disciplines after the revolution Iluminista, starting from a clearer debate
concerning object and method, the origins of the anthropological knowledge remount to the Classic Antiquity, crossing centuries. While the human being thought on himself and about your relationship with " the other ", he thought antropologicamente.
Primórdios Homero, Hesíodo and Filosófos Pré-socráticos were already questioned regarding the impact of the social relationships about the human behavior. : or sells this impact as a consequence of the gods'' cares, as it enumerates Odisseia of Homero and Teogonia of Hesíodo, or as rational constructions, valuing the apprehension of the reality much more day by day in the of the human experience, as they preferred Filosófos Pré-socráticos. It was, without a doubt, in the Classic Antiquity that the " Human " measure was evidenced as center of the discussion concerning the world. The Greeks left countless registrations and reports concerning cultures different from yours, as well as Chinese and the Romans. In these texts he/she was born, so to speak, the Anthropology, and in the century V B.C. an example of this is revealed in the work of Heródoto, that described the cultures thoroughly with which your people linked. Of the Greek contribution they also make part Aristotle''s works (concerning the Greek cities) and the one of Xenofonte (regarding India). Among the Romans it deserves prominence the poet Lucrécio, that tried to investigate the origins of the religion, of the arts and he/she was in charge of of the speech. Another Roman, Tacit analyzed the life of the tribes germanânicas, basing on the soldiers'' reports and travelers. He/she points out the vigor of the germanos in contrast with the Romans of your time. Agostinho, one of the theological pillars of the Catholicism, described the greco-Roman civilizations “pagans”, views as morally inferior to the Christianized societies. In your work it already discussed, in way little elaborated, the possibility of the “taboo of the incest” to work as social norm, it guaranteed of the cohesion of the society. It is important to point out that Agostinho, however, it privileged supernatural explanations for the sociocultural life. Although it didn''t exist as specific discipline, the anthropological knowledge participated in the discussions of the Philosophy, along the centuries. During the Medium Age many writings contributed to the formation of a rational thought, applied to the study of the human experience, as it is it he/she made the French administrator Jean Bodin, studious of the habits of the conquered people, that it looked for, in your analysis, explanations for the difficulties that French had in administering those people. With the coming of the movement iluminista, this knowledge was structured in two analytic nuclei: Biological Antropología (or Physics), in general considered natural science, and the Cultural Anthropology, classified as social sciences. THE century XVIII Until the century XVIII, the anthropological knowledge was present in the columnists'' contribution, travelers, soldiers, missionaries and merchants that discussed, in relation to the people that knew, the way as these lived youron, they cultivated your habits, norms, characteristics, interpreted your myths, your rituals, your language. Only in the century XVIII, the Anthropology acquires the category of science, leaving of the classifications of Lineu and tends as object the analysis of the " human " races. THE legacy of this time the texts that described the lands was, the (Fauna, the Flora, the Topography) and the people “discovered” (Habits and Faiths). Some works that spoke about the Brazilian natives, for instance, were: the letter of Pero Vaz of Bed (“Letter of the Discovery of Brazil”), the reports of Staden, “Two Trips to Brazil”, the registrations of Jean of Léry, the “Trip the Earth of Brazil”, and Jean Baptiste Debret work, the “Picturesque and Historical Trip to Brazil. Besides these, other works still spoke about the lands discovered récem, as the letter of Columbus to Reis Católicos. This whole production writing lifted a great polémica concerning the natives. The missionaries Jesuits'' contribution in America (like Bartolomeu of Las Casas and Priest Leans against) they helped to develop her denominated “the good savage''s theory”, that through the Indians as detainers of a pure moral nature, I model that should be assimilated by the Westerners. This theory defended the idea that closer culture of the natural " state " would serve from medicine to the evils of the civilization.
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